Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd den naraz\u00edte na tvora tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho, \u017ee vypad\u00e1 jako vyst\u0159i\u017een\u00fd ze sci-fi rom\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ale st\u00e1le v\u00edce majitel\u016f dom\u016f vid\u00ed dlouh\u00e9ho, ploch\u00e9ho \u010derva s hlavou ve tvaru lopaty, jak se jim plaz\u00ed po teras\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u017eralok kladivoun, fascinuje a znepokojuje lidi jak sv\u00fdm mimozemsk\u00fdm vzhledem, tak hrozbou, kterou m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat pro m\u00edstn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni jsou suchozem\u0161t\u00ed plo\u0161t\u011bnci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159itahuj\u00ed pozornost jak sv\u00fdm neobvykl\u00fdm vzhledem, tak i drav\u00fdmi n\u00e1vyky. Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, ale roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili se do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u011bta, \u010dasto p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eni v p\u016fd\u011b dovezen\u00fdch rostlin. S rostouc\u00ed popularitou je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co jsou za\u010d, jak je rozpoznat a co d\u011blat, kdy\u017e je najdete ve sv\u00e9 zahrad\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivoun, \u010dlen rodu Bipalium, je suchozemsk\u00fd plo\u0161t\u011bnec zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou hlavou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 \u017eraloka kladivouna. Tito \u010dervi mohou dor\u016fst p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b dlouh\u00e9 d\u00e9lky \u2013 obvykle 20 a\u017e 30 centimetr\u016f (8\u201312 palc\u016f), a\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy tuto d\u00e9lku p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed. Jejich t\u011bla jsou ploch\u00e1 a pokryt\u00e1 hlenem, obvykle hn\u011bd\u00fdm nebo \u0161ed\u00fdm, \u010dasto s tmav\u0161\u00edmi pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi pruhy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na rozd\u00edl od \u017e\u00ed\u017eal, kter\u00e9 zlep\u0161uj\u00ed zdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy, jsou kladivouni maso\u017erav\u00ed. \u017div\u00ed se jin\u00fdmi bezobratl\u00fdmi, zejm\u00e9na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami. Rozmno\u017euj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 nepohlavn\u011b fragmentac\u00ed: pokud se \u017e\u00ed\u017eala rozbije na kousky, z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u00falomku se m\u016f\u017ee zregenerovat nov\u00fd jedinec. Tato schopnost jim umo\u017e\u0148uje rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159it a zakl\u00e1dat populace v nov\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rozpoznat kladivouna je docela snadn\u00e9, pokud v\u00edte, co hledat. Jeho nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm znakem je \u0161irok\u00e1, zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e1 hlava ve tvaru lopaty nebo kladiva. To ho odli\u0161uje od typick\u00fdch zahradn\u00edch \u017e\u00ed\u017eal. Jeho t\u011blo je dlouh\u00e9, \u00fazk\u00e9 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Barevn\u00e9 vzory mohou tak\u00e9 pomoci s identifikac\u00ed. Mnoh\u00e9 jsou hn\u011bd\u00e9 nebo \u0161ed\u00e9 s tmav\u0161\u00edmi pruhy pod\u00e9l t\u011bla, zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt jednolit\u011bji zbarven\u00e9. Obvykle se objevuj\u00ed na vlhk\u00fdch m\u00edstech \u2013 v zahrad\u00e1ch, pod kameny nebo na teras\u00e1ch po de\u0161ti \u2013 proto\u017ee preferuj\u00ed vlhk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mnoho lid\u00ed pova\u017euje \u017eraloky kladivouny za znepokojiv\u00e9 kv\u016fli jejich neobvykl\u00e9mu tvaru a pohybu. Jejich ploch\u00e1, prot\u00e1hl\u00e1 t\u011bla a charakteristick\u00fd tvar hlavy se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od segmentovan\u00fdch \u010derv\u016f, na kter\u00e9 je v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s zvykl\u00e1. Jejich leskl\u00fd, kluzk\u00fd povrch jen umoc\u0148uje jejich podivn\u00fd, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nadpozemsk\u00fd vzhled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jejich pohyb tento efekt umoc\u0148uje. M\u00edsto aby se kroutily po segmentech jako \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy, plynule klou\u017eou po povrchu. Drobn\u00e9, chloupk\u016fm podobn\u00e9 struktury zvan\u00e9 \u0159asinky na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b t\u011bla jim pom\u00e1haj\u00ed s plynul\u00fdm pohybem, jako by se pohybovaly jako hadi. Tento st\u00e1l\u00fd, plynul\u00fd pohyb je \u010din\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce nadpozemsk\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, ale v mnoha oblastech, v\u010detn\u011b \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Severn\u00ed Ameriky a Evropy, se stali invazivn\u00edmi. Obvykle jsou zavle\u010deny n\u00e1hodn\u011b p\u0159i obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s rostlinami a p\u016fdou, proto\u017ee b\u011bhem p\u0159epravy mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt ve vlhk\u00e9 substr\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jakmile se dostanou do nov\u00e9 oblasti, rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. Jejich schopnost rozmno\u017eovat se fragmentac\u00ed znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i z mal\u00e9ho \u00falomku \u010derva se m\u016f\u017ee vyvinout zcela nov\u00fd jedinec. To v kombinaci s absenc\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f v mnoha z t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje jejich populac\u00edm rychl\u00fd r\u016fst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed hrozbu pro lidi ani zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Nekou\u0161ou, ne\u0161t\u00edpou ani ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed nemoci. Vylu\u010duj\u00ed v\u0161ak toxick\u00fd hlen, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee na dotek dr\u00e1\u017edit k\u016f\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I kdy\u017e nejsou p\u0159\u00edmo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, jejich dopad na u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed organismy \u2013 zejm\u00e9na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy \u2013 je znepokojiv\u00fd. Pokud s nimi mus\u00edte manipulovat, je nejlep\u0161\u00ed nosit rukavice nebo se vyhnout p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu kontaktu, abyste p\u0159ede\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9mu podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Skute\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m s kladivouny spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jejich dopadu na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy, kter\u00e9 hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli ve zdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy. Kladivouny lov\u00ed vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm lepkav\u00e9ho hlenu, kter\u00fd chyt\u00e1 jejich ko\u0159ist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jakmile jsou \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy chyceny, vysunou tr\u00e1vic\u00ed org\u00e1n zvan\u00fd hltan a uvoln\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00ed enzymy, kter\u00e9 rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b ko\u0159isti. Toto stravovac\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit populaci \u017e\u00ed\u017eal, co\u017e v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku negativn\u011b ovlivn\u00ed strukturu p\u016fdy, kolob\u011bh \u017eivin a r\u016fst rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni produkuj\u00ed tetrodotoxin, stejn\u00fd siln\u00fd neurotoxin, jak\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed u \u010dtverzubc\u016f. Tento toxin pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jak k obran\u011b, tak k zne\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed ko\u0159isti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u010dkoli p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 koncentrace obvykle nejsou nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro \u010dlov\u011bka ani velk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, toxin pom\u00e1h\u00e1 znehybnit \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy a p\u0159i kontaktu m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit m\u00edrn\u00e9 podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee. Tato chemick\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k jejich \u00fa\u010dinnosti jako pred\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pokud na zahrad\u011b objev\u00edte kladivouna, zachovejte klid, ale postupujte opatrn\u011b. Vyhn\u011bte se p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu kontaktu kv\u016fli jeho dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9mu slizu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby pou\u017eijte k jeho odstran\u011bn\u00ed rukavice nebo jin\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je \u010dervy nekr\u00e1jet. Vzhledem k jejich schopnosti regenerace m\u016f\u017ee jejich roz\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed na kousky v\u00e9st k dal\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdskytu \u010derv\u016f. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 likvidace je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed jejich dal\u0161\u00edmu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abyste se zbavili kladivoun\u016f, ani\u017e byste zp\u016fsobili jejich reprodukci, m\u011bli byste pou\u017e\u00edvat metody, kter\u00e9 br\u00e1n\u00ed regeneraci. \u010casto se doporu\u010duje aplikace soli nebo octa p\u0159\u00edmo na \u010derva, proto\u017ee tyto l\u00e1tky ho dehydratuj\u00ed a zab\u00edjej\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pot\u00e9, ne\u017e zbytky vyhod\u00edte, vlo\u017ete je do t\u011bsn\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho s\u00e1\u010dku, aby se znovu nedostaly do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevence zahrnuje pravideln\u00e9 kontroly zahrady, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch rostlin nebo hnojen\u00ed p\u016fdy. Proto\u017ee rozto\u010di kladivouni preferuj\u00ed vlhk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku v zahrad\u011b a omezov\u00e1n\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9 vlhkosti m\u016f\u017ee prost\u0159ed\u00ed u\u010dinit m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u010dasn\u00e1 ostra\u017eitost a reakce na \u0161k\u016fdce mohou zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby se z drobn\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu stala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed invaze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u010dkoli jsou kladivouni mal\u00ed, mohou v\u00fdrazn\u011b naru\u0161it zahradn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my. Krmen\u00edm se \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami naru\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 provzdu\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy a cirkulaci \u017eivin, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k oslaben\u00ed p\u016fdy a \u0161patn\u00e9mu r\u016fstu rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jejich roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ukazuje, jak k\u0159ehk\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ekologick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha, kdy\u017e jsou zavle\u010deny nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy. Nau\u010dit se identifikovat a hospoda\u0159it s kladivouny pom\u00e1h\u00e1 chr\u00e1nit m\u00edstn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my a zachovat u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 organismy, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed zahrady zdrav\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd den naraz\u00edte na tvora tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho, \u017ee vypad\u00e1 jako vyst\u0159i\u017een\u00fd ze sci-fi rom\u00e1nu. Ale st\u00e1le v\u00edce majitel\u016f dom\u016f vid\u00ed dlouh\u00e9ho, ploch\u00e9ho \n [...]<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14980,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14979"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14979\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14981,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14979\/revisions\/14981"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14980"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14979"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}