Nest\u00e1v\u00e1 se ka\u017ed\u00fd den, \u017ee naraz\u00edte na tvora tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho, \u017ee vypad\u00e1, jako by utekl ze sci-fi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. P\u0159esto st\u00e1le v\u00edce majitel\u016f dom\u016f zahl\u00e9dne dlouh\u00e9ho, ploch\u00e9ho \u010derva s hlavou ve tvaru lopaty, jak se jim posouv\u00e1 po teras\u00e1ch. Toto neobvykl\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, zvan\u00e9 kladivoun, fascinuje i znepokojuje lidi kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu nep\u016fvodn\u00edmu vzhledu a rizik\u016fm, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat pro m\u00edstn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni jsou suchozem\u0161t\u00ed plo\u0161t\u011bnci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159itahuj\u00ed pozornost jak sv\u00fdm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm vzhledem, tak i drav\u00fdmi n\u00e1vyky. Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, ale roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili se do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u011bta, \u010dasto p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eni v p\u016fd\u011b dovezen\u00fdch rostlin. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co to je, jak je rozpoznat a jak\u00e9 kroky podniknout, pokud n\u011bjak\u00e9ho najdete na sv\u00e9 zahrad\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivoun pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do rodu Bipalium je suchozemsk\u00fd plo\u0161t\u011bnec zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou hlavou, kter\u00e1 tvarem p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 \u017eraloka kladivouna. Tito \u010dervi mohou dor\u016fstat p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b dlouh\u00e9 d\u00e9lky \u2013 obvykle mezi 20 a 30 centimetry, a\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy tuto d\u00e9lku p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed. Jejich t\u011bla jsou ploch\u00e1 a pokryt\u00e1 slizem, obvykle hn\u011bd\u00fdm nebo \u0161ed\u00fdm, \u010dasto s tmav\u0161\u00edmi pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi pruhy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na rozd\u00edl od \u017e\u00ed\u017eal, kter\u00e9 zlep\u0161uj\u00ed zdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy, jsou kladivouni maso\u017eravci. \u017div\u00ed se jin\u00fdmi bezobratl\u00fdmi, zejm\u00e9na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami. Rozmno\u017euj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 nepohlavn\u011b fragmentac\u00ed: pokud se \u017e\u00ed\u017eala rozbije na kousky, z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u00falomku se m\u016f\u017ee zregenerovat nov\u00fd jedinec. Tato schopnost jim umo\u017e\u0148uje rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159it a zakl\u00e1dat populace v nov\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed kladivouna je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e9, jakmile v\u00edte, co hledat. Jeho nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm znakem je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1, zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e1 hlava ve tvaru r\u00fd\u010de nebo kladiva. To ho odli\u0161uje od typick\u00fdch zahradn\u00edch \u010derv\u016f. T\u011blo je dlouh\u00e9, \u00fazk\u00e9 a znateln\u011b zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Barevn\u00e9 vzory mohou tak\u00e9 pomoci s identifikac\u00ed. Mnoho z nich je hn\u011bd\u00fdch nebo \u0161ed\u00fdch s tmav\u0161\u00edmi pruhy pod\u00e9l t\u011bla, zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt zbarven\u00e9 jednotn\u011bji. Obvykle se objevuj\u00ed na vlhk\u00fdch m\u00edstech \u2013 v zahrad\u00e1ch, pod kameny nebo na teras\u00e1ch po de\u0161ti \u2013 proto\u017ee preferuj\u00ed vlhk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mnoho lid\u00ed pova\u017euje kladivouny za znepokojiv\u00e9 kv\u016fli jejich neobvykl\u00e9mu tvaru a zp\u016fsobu, jak\u00fdm se pohybuj\u00ed. Jejich ploch\u00e1, prot\u00e1hl\u00e1 t\u011bla a charakteristick\u00fd tvar hlavy se zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od segmentovan\u00fdch \u010derv\u016f, na kter\u00e9 je v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s zvykl\u00e1. Jejich leskl\u00fd, slizk\u00fd povrch jen umoc\u0148uje jejich podivn\u00fd, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 mimozemsk\u00fd vzhled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jejich pohyb tento efekt umoc\u0148uje. M\u00edsto aby se kroutily po segmentech jako \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy, hladce klou\u017eou po povrchu. Drobn\u00e9 vlasov\u00e9 struktury zvan\u00e9 \u0159asinky na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b t\u011bla jim pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pohybovat se plynul\u00fdm, had\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Tento st\u00e1l\u00fd a plynul\u00fd pohyb je \u010din\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce nadpozemsk\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, ale stali se invazivn\u00edmi v mnoha oblastech, v\u010detn\u011b \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Severn\u00ed Ameriky a Evropy. Obvykle jsou zavle\u010deni n\u00e1hodn\u011b p\u0159i obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s rostlinami a p\u016fdou, proto\u017ee mohou b\u011bhem p\u0159epravy p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt ve vlhk\u00e9 substr\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jakmile doraz\u00ed do nov\u00e9 oblasti, rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. Jejich schopnost rozmno\u017eovat se fragmentac\u00ed znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i z mal\u00e9ho kousku \u010derva se m\u016f\u017ee vyvinout zcela nov\u00fd jedinec. V kombinaci s absenc\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f v mnoha z t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed to umo\u017e\u0148uje jejich populac\u00edm rychl\u00fd r\u016fst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmou hrozbu pro lidi ani zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Nekou\u0161ou, ne\u0161t\u00edpou ani ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed nemoci. Vypou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed v\u0161ak toxick\u00fd sliz, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i dotyku dr\u00e1\u017edit k\u016f\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u010dkoli nejsou p\u0159\u00edmo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, jejich dopad na prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed organismy \u2013 zejm\u00e9na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy \u2013 vzbuzuje obavy. Pokud s nimi mus\u00edte manipulovat, je nejlep\u0161\u00ed nosit rukavice nebo se vyhnout p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu kontaktu, abyste p\u0159ede\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9mu podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Skute\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m s kladivouny spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jejich vlivu na \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy, kter\u00e9 hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli ve zdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy. Kladivouny lov\u00ed vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm lepkav\u00e9ho hlenu, kter\u00fd chyt\u00e1 jejich ko\u0159ist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pot\u00e9, co \u017e\u00ed\u017ealu ulov\u00ed, vysunou j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek zvan\u00fd hltan a uvoln\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00ed enzymy, kter\u00e9 navenek rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148 ko\u0159isti. Toto stravovac\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit populaci \u017e\u00ed\u017eal a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku po\u0161kodit strukturu p\u016fdy, kolob\u011bh \u017eivin a r\u016fst rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kladivouni produkuj\u00ed tetrodotoxin \u2013 stejn\u00fd siln\u00fd neurotoxin, jak\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed u \u010dtverou\u0161k\u016f. Tento toxin pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jak k sebeobran\u011b, tak k tlumen\u00ed ko\u0159isti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I kdy\u017e p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 hladiny obecn\u011b nejsou nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro lidi ani velk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, toxin pom\u00e1h\u00e1 znehybnit \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy a p\u0159i kontaktu m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit m\u00edrn\u00e9 podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee. Tato chemick\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k jejich \u00fa\u010dinnosti jako pred\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pokud na zahrad\u011b objev\u00edte kladivouna, zachovejte klid, ale jednejte opatrn\u011b. Nedot\u00fdkejte se ho p\u0159\u00edmo kv\u016fli dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9mu slizu. Pokud ho pot\u0159ebujete p\u0159em\u00edstit, pou\u017eijte rukavice nebo n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je \u010dervy nekr\u00e1jet. Vzhledem k jejich regenera\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti m\u016f\u017ee jejich roz\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed na kousky ve skute\u010dnosti vytvo\u0159it dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dervy. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 likvidace je kl\u00ed\u010dem k prevenci dal\u0161\u00edho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chcete-li odstranit kladivouny, ani\u017e byste zp\u016fsobili jejich mno\u017een\u00ed, pou\u017eijte metody, kter\u00e9 zastavuj\u00ed regeneraci. \u010casto se doporu\u010duje aplikace soli nebo octa p\u0159\u00edmo na \u010derva, proto\u017ee tyto l\u00e1tky ho dehydratuj\u00ed a zab\u00edjej\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pot\u00e9 zbytky vlo\u017ete do uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho s\u00e1\u010dku a pot\u00e9 je zlikvidujte, aby se nemohly znovu dostat do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevence zahrnuje pravidelnou kontrolu zahrady, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i s\u00e1zen\u00ed nov\u00fdch rostlin nebo p\u016fdy. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee kladivouni preferuj\u00ed vlhk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, m\u016f\u017ee udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku v zahrad\u011b a sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 vlhkosti prost\u0159ed\u00ed u\u010dinit m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u010dasn\u00e1 ostra\u017eitost a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby se z mal\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu stala v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1kaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u010dkoli jsou kladivouni mal\u00ed, mohou v\u00fdznamn\u011b naru\u0161it zahradn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my. \u017diven\u00edm se \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami naru\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 provzdu\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy a recyklaci \u017eivin, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k oslaben\u00ed p\u016fdy a hor\u0161\u00edmu r\u016fstu rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jejich roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, jak k\u0159ehk\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ekologick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha, kdy\u017e jsou zavle\u010deny nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy. Nau\u010dit se identifikovat a zvl\u00e1dat kladivouny pom\u00e1h\u00e1 chr\u00e1nit m\u00edstn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my a zachovat u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 organismy, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed zahrady zdrav\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Nest\u00e1v\u00e1 se ka\u017ed\u00fd den, \u017ee naraz\u00edte na tvora tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho, \u017ee vypad\u00e1, jako by utekl ze sci-fi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. P\u0159esto st\u00e1le v\u00edce majitel\u016f dom\u016f \n [...]<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11007,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11006"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11006\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11008,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11006\/revisions\/11008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fakt24.biz.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}